Both Lead Acid and Nickel Cadmium (Ni-Cd) batteries are the most common types of battery used on an aircraft. Both of them are secondary batteries, that means they can be charged and discharged several time or the chemical reaction can be reversed.
They differ in the following way
Positive Plate (charged state)
Lead Acid : Lead Peroxide Ni-Cd : Nickel oxyhydroxide/Nickel oxides
Negative Plate (charged state)
Lead Acid : Pure Lead Ni-Cd : Cadmium
Positive Plate (discharged state)
Lead Acid : Lead Sulphate Ni-Cd : Nickel hydroxide
Negative Plate (discharged state)
Lead Acid : Lead Sulphate Ni-Cd : Cadmium hydroxide
Electrolyte
Lead Acid : Sulphuric Acid Ni-Cd : Potassium Hydroxide
Note:
Sulphuric acid solution consist of 30% sulphuric acid and 70 % distilled water by volume
Potassium Hydroxide solution consist of 30% potassium hydroxide and 70 % distilled water by weight.
Electrolyte Specific Gravity (SG)
Lead Acid : 1.25 to 1.27 Ni-Cd : 1.24 to 1.32
Note:
The SG value changes with the state of the Lead Acid battery it falls to about 1.10 for a fully discharged battery. The Lead acid battery charge or discharge state can be stated by measuring the SG of the electrolyte.
The SG value does not change with the state of the Ni-Cd battery, it remains constant. Hence, battery charge or discharge state of Ni-Cd can't be stated by measuring the SG of the electrolyte.
Open Circuit Voltage (OCV)
Lead Acid : 2.1 V Ni-Cd : 1.28 V
Closed Circuit Voltage (CCV)
Lead Acid : 2.0 V Ni-Cd : 1.20 V
For further reading about Aircraft Batteries